Nak Exam dah...

InsyaAllah exam dah tak lama lagi. Start 24 Mei ini dan akan berakhir pada 26 Jun. So dah kene mulakan study dari sekarang. Walaupun ramai yang kata forth year ni cukup-cukup mudah dan insyAllah easy to score. Diri sendiri pun rasa cam pelik sangat tahun ni. Susah nak tumpu dan concentrate to study. Mungkin banyak komitmen lain pada tahun ni menyebabkan sedikit sukar menyesuaikan diri. Apapun tiada alasan untuk terus berusaha kan? Dan sememangnya sepanjang hidup ini adalah untuk terus bekerja dan berusaha hingga ke pengakhirannya. Doakan moga dipermudahkan segala usaha untuk saat-saat akhir menjelang imtihan akhir ni. Kat bawah adalah ringkasan utk cover subject clinical ENT kali ni. so sape2 yang nak rujuk sila rujuk ya. Bittaufeeq Wannajah InsyaAllah..! Clinical Importance of ENT. Important point. Definition. : Causes : The causes use to be 'CINTA' (Congenital, Inflammation, Neoplastic, Traumatic, Al-Baqi such as allergic) Clinical Picture : - Symptoms : (any subjective evidence as perceived by the patient) - Signs : (objective symptoms – evidence to the observer – can be seen can be measured) Examination : (Diagnose the disease) Investigation : (Confirmation of disease, measure the expand of the disease, plan for the treatment of the disease) Complication : Treatment : EAR 1. Common symptoms of ear disease : • Pain • Deafness (hearing loss) • Tinnitus • Discharge • Vertigo • Nystagmus • Facial paralysis 2. Other sypmtoms related to the ENT (nose, pharynx or larynx) 3. General Symptoms : headache, face ache, fever, etc Disease of the External Ear Congenital Diseases: 1. Microtia, macrotia, anotia, accesory auricle & Bat ear 2. Periauricular fistula – non infected, infected or closed by edema. 3. Congenital Meatal Atresia – unilateral, bilateral with middle and inner ear intact, bilateral with middle ear deformity and inner ear intact, bilateral with middle ear and inner ear absent) 4. Inflammatory Disease: 1. Localized : Furunculosis 2. Diffuse : * Pyogenic * Allergic * Fungal * Viral * Malignant Otitis Externa Neoplastic : 1. Exostosis 2. Malignant tumour Traumatic : 1. Haematoma Auris 2. Traumatic Perforation (direct trauma, sudden air compression, sudden water compression) 3. Foreign Bodies (vegetable – big/small, non vegetable) 4. Otitic Barotrauma Al-Baqi : 1. Ear Wax Diseases of the Middle Ear Congenital : 1. Middle ear aplasia (absent ME) 2. Abnormal ossicles 3. Others: * dehiscence of floor and exposure of jugular bulb * dehiscence of the bony Facial Nerve Canal * Anomalies in the course of facial nerve Inflammatory Disease : 1. Acute Suppurative Otitis Media (ASOM) – infant/children, adult 2. Chronic Otitis Media – CSOM (attico-attic or cholesteatoma), Chronic Non suppurative OM 3. Chronic Secretory Otitis Media (Otitis Media with effusion) 4. Chronic Adhesive Otitis Media Complication of Otitis Media 1. Cranial • Mastoiditis • Petrotitis • Facial paralysis • Labyrinthitis 2. Intracranial • extradural abscess • Meningitis • Brain Abscess • Lateral Sinus Thrombosis 3. Extracranial • external otitis • Jugular vein thrombosis • Bezold’s abscess • Retropharyngeal abscess Neoplastic : 1. Glomus tumour – Tympanicum, Jugulare 2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Traumatic : 1. Otitic Baratrauma 2. Ossicular disconnection 3. Fracture of temporal bone 4. Foreign body in the middle ear Al-Baqi : Nothing but take note about Myringotomy, Mastoidectomy, Tympanoplasty operation. Diseases of Inner Ear 1. Meniere’s disease 2. Acoustic Neuroma Take note about : 1. Audiometry 2. Tympanometry